Rainbow

Released on November 2, 1999, Rainbow debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 after selling 323,000 copies, the highest first-week sales of Mariah's career at the time. The album spent ten weeks in the Top 20 and was certified 3x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on December 3, 1999.

After the release of Butterfly in 1997, Mariah's ex-husband Tommy Mottola was still the CEO of Sony Music. “My situation is far more complex and unique because of the personal aspect of what it used to be, so I have to do what I do and do it to be best of my ability,” Mariah said about her relationship with her label. “I know there's a lot people up there who still work very, very hard for me and I still have a good relationship with, so I do what I do and trust my instincts.” Mariah reached a deal with Sony Music: in order to leave the music label, she was to release four albums in five years, including a studio album. She had previously released the #1's compilation in 1998; and would eventually release Greatest Hits, in 2001, and The Remixes, in 2003.

Mariah started writing and recording music for the soundtrack to the movie she was working on, All That Glitters — which would eventually become Glitter — in 1997. The movie was supposed to begin filming in 1998 but was pushed back. One of the songs she was working on was “Heartbreaker,” which features rapper Jay-Z and was produced by DJ Clue. The song is built around a sample from the 1982 Stacy Lattisaw song “Attack of the Name Game.” “Clue and I are friends. We were hanging out and another friend of mine knew he had this track that sounded like it would suit my flavor. She was like, ‘Play that for Mariah. She would want to write to that.’ The movie is set in the '80s, that's why it was kind of retro, cutesy,” Mariah explained. “Jay-Z and all those guys were in the studio going, ‘This is hot, you should put this out now.’ I was like, ‘They're right. I have to get it out. It's a summer record.’ ”

A decision was made: “Heartbreaker” would get released. “I was like, ‘OK, if I'm going to do this, I'm either going to use some of the songs from the soundtrack, or do a completely different album.’ I just did a completely different album, but it's the quickest album I've ever done,” she explained. “I didn't discuss it with the label. We just did it and they were probably really surprised. It used to be that every little thing I did was a major group discussion. Now I do what I want and what I think is right for me. Sony have found themselves in a position of having to trust my judgement because up to this point in my career my instincts have been pretty much spot on.”

“Heartbreaker” was released as the lead single from Mariah's Rainbow album on September 21, 1999, and made chart history by becoming her fourteenth number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100, a feat rivaled only by The Beatles, with twenty, and Elvis Presley, with eighteen. The song also broke The Beatles' record for most weeks at number one on the chart. “Heartbreaker” sold 271,000 copies in the United States in its first week, marking the biggest first-week singles sales of Mariah's career.

Rainbow was also Mariah's first album after parting ways with writing partner Walter Afanasieff. She had already recruited Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis as co-executive producers for the Glitter movie soundtrack, and worked with them on the album. “I'm glad I got the chance to work with Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, because they added a different dimension musically” Mariah said. “A ballad track in the old days would become too grandiose, but these guys kept it musical and big but still rooted in R&B. They got the subtlety of what I wanted to do. There was no ego about it. It was all musical love which is great and a terrific environment in which to create music. Working with them is the best musical step I've taken yet. I could go in any direction they wanted, and they took me to another level.”

Rainbow saw Mariah working with Jermaine Dupri, She'kspere Briggs, DJ Clue and Damizza, among others. “I hope that people understand that this is the music that I love. I love all types of music and I've tried to integrate a lot of different things on this album,” she explained. “I co-produce all my own work. Co-producing is the only way I could incorporate all the styles I wanted to work with on this LP. Let's say there's another singer who's not a writer or a producer and sang with all the people I've worked with on the album, and worked with all the styles I have on the album — it would sound like it didn't fit. I know how to merge the sounds because the sounds are in me.”

Mariah travelled to Capri, Italy, to record Rainbow. “I went there because I would never have got it done in this period of time,” she explained. “My pager, my phone would have been going off, people would have been coming down to talk to me. Capri was so clear and beautiful for my voice. It really helped me be in great vocal shape. I needed to be out of the pollution. I basically slept in the studio. I had a bed and breakfast in a separate part and then I'd go and record, then sometimes go for a sleep on a boat, swim for a few hours. It was a great combination of work and relaxing.”

Rainbow chronicles my emotional roller-coaster ride of the past year. If you listen very closely, there's a story here with a very happy ending. This is the first album I've done that doesn't have a sad song at the end of it, so maybe that's a hopeful sign,” Mariah explained. “The title has a lot of different meanings. I saw a double rainbow one day after an intense storm in LA. It was really incredible. I didn't have a title at that point and it just struck me. I thought about the blending of the colors, something that's close to my heart because of being of mixed race. It's always been an enormous part of everything I do. I've come to terms with it, but it's been a big obstacle in a lot of ways. Then I wrote something on the album about how in a rainbow each color is individually beautiful but when they merge, they're miraculous. And wouldn't it be great if all the different nationalities, creeds and races could work together like that and enhance each other, rather than try to bring each other down?”

“Thank God I Found You,” a collaboration with Joe and 98 Degrees, was released as the album's second single on January 25, 2000. “It really cried out for a group to be singing with me and for a strong male-female thing in terms of going back and forth, vocally,” Mariah said about their collaboration. “We just naturally came together.” “Thank God I Found You” became Mariah's fifteenth number-one single on February 19, 2000, marking her eleventh consecutive year with a number-one song, and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on February 23, 2000.

Mariah wanted “Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)” — which she wrote with Diane Warren — as the next single, but the label refused. After pressure from Mariah's fanbase and Mariah herself, it was eventually released as a double-sided single with “Crybaby” on June 6, 2000. “It was motivated by this one day when I was feeling very angry towards a couple of people and feeling very taken advantage of,” Mariah said about the song. “As I was writing it, I realized it was a theme a lot of people can relate to. I started thinking about a lot of the tragic stuff that's gone on in schools and junior highs, it really does stem from kids feeling segregated in different groups and feeling alienated: If young girls or guys are ragging on you because you're not in the in-crowd, or you don't look right or act right, or you're different in some way, they can't take your spirit away.” Since Billboard's Hot 100 required both songs to chart separately and “Crybaby” had the most cumulative radio audience, it was the song that earned all of the sales points of the single. The “Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme) / Crybaby” single entered the Hot 100 Singles Sales chart at number two, after selling 54,000 copies, which took “Crybaby” to number twenty-eight during the week of June 24, 2000, Mariah's highest-debuting single since “My All” debuted at number two in May 1998.

In Europe, a cover of “Against All Odds,” originally recorded by Phil Collins, was commercially released. “It reminded me of specific memories of growing up and the park where I used to hang out,” Mariah explained. “When I spoke to Jimmy [Jam] and Terry [Lewis] about it they thought it was a great idea and we all thought we should keep it pretty close to the original.” The song was released in the United Kingdom on September 18, 2000, as a duet with Irish boyband Westlife. “I thought it would just be a cool thing to do, to kind of turn it into a duet and combine what they do with what I do,” Mariah told MTV in 2000. “They stack a lot of harmonies, so we made the song kind of a different thing.” The duet became Mariah's second number-one single in the United Kingdom, spending two weeks atop the Official Singles Chart, and was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry on January 1, 2016.

Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Cover Art
Cover Art
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Publicity Photos
Publicity Photos
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Publicity Material
Publicity Material
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Booklet
Booklet

Tracklist

Original Release

Track # Song Run time
1
Heartbreaker (feat. Jay-Z)
Written by Mariah Carey, Jay-Z, Shirley Elliston, Lincoln Chase, Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen.
Produced by Mariah Carey, DJ Clue and Ken “Duro” Ifill.
4:46
2
Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)
Written by Mariah Carey, Diane Warren.
Produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis and Mariah Carey.
4:32
3
Bliss
Written by Mariah Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis, James Wright.
Produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis and Mariah Carey. Co-produced by Jim Wright.
5:44
4
How Much (feat. Usher)
Written by Mariah Carey, Bryan-Michael Cox, Jermaine Dupri, Tupac Shakur, Darryl Harper, Tyrone Wrice, Ricky Rouse.
Produced by Jermaine Dupri and Mariah Carey. Co-produced by Bryan Michael-Cox.
3:30
5
After Tonight
Written by Mariah Carey, Diane Warren, David Foster.
Produced by David Foster and Mariah Carey.
4:15
6
X-Girlfriend
Written by Mariah Carey, Kandi, Kevin Briggs.
Produced by She'kspere Briggs and Mariah Carey.
3:58
7
Heartbreaker (Remix) (feat. Da Brat and Missy Elliott)
Written by Mariah Carey, Da Brat, Missy Elliott, Ricardo Emanuel Brown, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Warren Griffin III, Andre Romel Young, Nathaniel Hale.
Produced by DJ Clue, Mariah Carey and Ken “Duro” Ifill.
4:36
8
Vulnerability (Interlude)
Written by Mariah Carey.
Produced by Mariah Carey.
1:12
9
Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)
Written by Phil Collins.
Produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis and Mariah Carey.
3:25
10
Crybaby (feat. Snoop Dogg)
Written by Mariah Carey, Howie Hersh, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Trey Lorenz, Timothy Gatlin, Gene Griffin, Aaron Hall III, Teddy Riley.
Produced by Damizza and Mariah Carey.
5:19
11
Did I Do That?
Written by Mariah Carey, Craig B., Tracey Waples, Joseph Smokey Johnson, Wardell Joseph Quezergue.
Produced by Mariah Carey and Master P & Craig B.
4:15
12
Petals
Written by Mariah Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis, James Wright.
Produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis and Mariah Carey.
4:23
13
Rainbow (Interlude)
Written by Mariah Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis.
Produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis and Mariah Carey.
1:32
14
Thank God I Found You (feat. Joe and 98 Degrees)
Written by Mariah Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis.
Produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis and Mariah Carey.
4:17

Bonus Tracks

The song “Do You Know Where You're Going To? (Theme From ‘Mahogany’)” was included as a bonus track on the France edition of Rainbow. In 2000, the album was re-released to include the duet version of “Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)” with Westlife.

Track # Song Run time
Bonus
Do You Know Where You're Going To (Theme From ‘Mahogany’)
Written by Michael Masser, Gerry Goffin.
Produced by Steven “Stevie J.” Jordan and Mariah Carey.
3:46
Bonus
Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now) (Duet with Westlife)
Written by Phil Collins.
Produced by Mariah Carey and Steve Mac.
3:31

25th Anniversary Edition Bonus Tracks

In 2024, to commemorate Rainbow's 25th anniversary, the digital version of the album was updated with fourteen additional bonus tracks including a brand new remix of the “Rainbow” interlude, titled “Rainbow's End” and co-produced by Mariah and David Morales, the previously-unreleased So So Def remix of “How Much,” the acapella version of “Bliss,” a previously-unreleased Mariah-only version of “Thank God I Found You,” as well as the song “There For Me,” previously available only as a B-side on the “Never Too Far / Hero Medley” CD single released in 2001.

Track # Song Run time
15
Rainbow's End
Written by Mariah Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis, David Morales.
Produced by David Morales and Mariah Carey.
3:40
16
How Much (So So Def Remix feat. Usher)
Written by Mariah Carey, Bryan-Michael Cox, Jermaine Dupri, Tupac Shakur, Darryl Harper, Tyrone Wrice, Ricky Rouse.
Produced by Jermaine Dupri and Mariah Carey.
3:28
17
Thank God I Found You (Make It Last Remix feat. Joe & Nas)
Written by Mariah Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis, Teddy Riley, Keith Sweat.
Produced by Clue and Duro and Mariah Carey.
5:08
18
Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now) (Duet with Westlife)
Written by Phil Collins.
Produced by Mariah Carey and Steve Mac.
3:31
19
There For Me
Written by Mariah Carey, Diane Warren, David Foster.
Produced by David Foster and Mariah Carey.
4:15
20
Thank God I Found You (Mariah Only Version)
Written by Mariah Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis.
Produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis and Mariah Carey.
4:16
21
Love Hangover / Heartbreaker (Live at VH1 Divas 2000)
5:14
22
Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme) (Live at VH1 Divas 2000)
4:35
23
Bliss (Acapella)
Written by Mariah Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis, James Wright.
Produced by Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis and Mariah Carey. Co-produced by Jim Wright.
5:27
24
There For Me (Acapella)
Written by Mariah Carey, Diane Warren, David Foster.
Produced by David Foster and Mariah Carey.
3:49
25
Heartbreaker / If You Should Ever Be Lonely (Junior's Heartbreaker Club Mix)
Written by Mariah Carey, Val Young Andrews, Frederick Jenkins.
Produced by Mariah Carey and Junior Vasquez.
10:17
26
Can't Take That Away (Morales Revival Triumphant Mix)
Written by Mariah Carey, Diane Warren, David Morales.
Produced by David Morales.
10:25
27
Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now) (Pound Boys Main Mix)
Written by Phil Collins.
Produced by DJ Craig G and DJ Dealer.
5:55
28
Rainbow's End (David Morales Extended Mix)
Written by Mariah Carey, James Harris III, Terry Lewis, David Morales.
Produced by David Morales and Mariah Carey.
6:19

Releases

Original Release

Rainbow was originally issued on CD, Vinyl, Cassette and MiniDisc. France got an exclusive release including the song “Do You Know Where You're Going To? (Theme From ‘Mahogany’)” as a bonus track.

Mariah Carey - Rainbow - CD (United States)
CD
USA Edition
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - CD (Europe)
CD
Europe Edition
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - CD (France)
CD
France Edition
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - CD (Japan)
CD
Japan Edition
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Cassette
Cassette

Special Editions

Rainbow was re-released to include the duet version of “Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)” with Westlife as a bonus track. The South Korean edition was issued as a double disc with a bonus CD containing the duet.

Bonus Track Edition
Europe Edition
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Bonus Track Edition 2X CD (South Korea)
Bonus Track Edition 2X CD
South Korea Edition
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Blu-Spec CD2 (Japan)
Blu-Spec CD2
Japan Exclusive

Vinyl Editions

In November 2020, the album was re-released on vinyl in two variants: opaque black vinyl and a limited edition sold exclusively through retailer Urban Outfitters which featured four different randomly-selected colors: red, yellow, blue or violet vinyl.

To commemorate the album's 25th anniversary, a new exclusive rainbow-colored Rainbow vinyl was released on June 14, 2024.

Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Black Vinyl
Black Vinyl
1999
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Black Vinyl
Black Vinyl
2020
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Red Vinyl
Red Vinyl
2020
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Yellow Vinyl
Yellow Vinyl
2020
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Blue Vinyl
Blue Vinyl
2020
Mariah Carey - Violet - Black Vinyl
Violet Vinyl
2020
Mariah Carey - Rainbow - Picture Disc Vinyl
Picture Disc Vinyl
2024

Singles

Mariah Carey - Heartbreaker
Heartbreaker
Mariah Carey - Thank God I Found You
Thank God I Found You
Mariah Carey - Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)
Can't Take That Away
(Mariah's Theme)
Mariah Carey - Crybaby
Crybaby
Mariah Carey - Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)
Against All Odds
(Take A Look At Me Now)
Mariah Carey & Westlife - Against All Odds
Against All Odds
[Mariah & Westlife]

Lyrics

Heartbreaker

Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)

Bliss

How Much

After Tonight

X-Girlfriend

Heartbreaker (Remix)

Vulnerability (Interlude)

Against All Odds (Take A Look At Me Now)

Crybaby

Did I Do That?

Petals

Rainbow (Interlude)

Thank God I Found You